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Sunday, October 28, 2018

October 28, 2018

Bladder cancer Treatment

Bladder cancer Treatment

Bladder cancer Treatment

Uncontrolled growth of bladder cells is the cause of cancer. Depending on the level of cancer, the method of treatment. Chemotherapy is also used to cure cancer.
Due to no treatment at the right time, death can happen.

(Read more: what is cancer)

The bladder has cancer due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the bladder. Its treatment depends on how aggressive your cancer appears in the microscope and this process is called tumour grade. Treatment of bladder cancer depends on the extent of cancer spread, how much tumour is spread, this is called tumour stage. Let's tell you about its medical practice.

Bladder cancer treatment

Tumour grade

It is estimated from the tumour grade how fast the cancer is growing and how fast. If bladder cancer grows rapidly, then it is classified as high grade and has a high potential for spread and if it is not treated at a time, it can also cause death. For the treatment of high-grade cancer, chemotherapy, radiation or surgery is required.

Low-grade cancer grows very slowly and there is a possibility of up to 10 per cent of high-grade cancer. In most people, low-grade cancer does not behave like real cancer.

In other words, bladder cancer is considered to be of two types:

Low-grade cancer high-grade cancer

A low-grade tumour is likely to happen again and if this happens then it is necessary to eliminate a tumour from the root. Such cancers cause death factors in very rare cases. In this case, it is not necessary to resort to aggressive treatment like radiation, chemotherapy, bladder removal.

But if carcinoma is found on where it grows there. If this type of cancer is found on the outer surface of the external bladder, chemotherapy is required in the immune modulating agent like BCG vaccine or bladder.

Tumour stage

The tumour stage is the stage that depends on three factors:

A tumour is just in the wall of the bladder or in the muscles of the blender or in the surrounding tissues or around the pelvic organ.

Is cancer spread around the lymph nodes?

Is cancer spread to other parts of the body.


The methods of cancer treatment also depend on the state of cancer:

(Read more: what is bladder cancer)

Superficial tumour/ a surface tumour


Superficial tumours are those cancers that are just on the lamination of the bladder. Such tumours are low-grade tumours and are treated by a cystoscope with a device called transurethral respiration (T URBT). In this process, the therapist uses either a small lump of a tumour to remove a tumour or burns a tumour from the electric current and this process is called fulguration.

After transurethral reactions, some high-risk patients, patients with high-grade tumours or low-grade tumours, have to carry medicines inside the bladder and this therapy is also called intravenous therapy. It is used in any of the following drugs: Basil colleen green, also called bcg (passes, this, tice, BCG), thiotepa, mitomycin (mitomycin), interferon or dachereubicin (Adaremysin, rubecum).

Introversion therapy reduces the risk of recurrence of cancer and reduces the risk of cancer becoming more dangerous.

Medical options for tumours of superficial high degree are little less because it is likely to occur again after transurethral respiration and intravascular therapy. When the high degree superficial tumour is more than once or twice, then more physicians recommend bladder removal by treating bladder. This is a major operation. High-quality patients with other medical problems are treated by their medical radiation or intravenous chemotherapy.

Amazing fact the human body

Saturday, October 27, 2018

October 27, 2018

Bladder cancer; Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, Medicines

bladder cancer
Bladder cancer

What is bladder cancer?

The bladder is a hollow pneumatic organ in the human body in the lower part of the stomach, in which urine is accumulated. Cancer occurs in the bladder when the tissues of the tissues begin to grow exceptionally in its internal layers.

Bladder cancer is more in men than women, it can happen at any age. Bladder cancer mostly develops in the cells of the bladder, in the layer of the hollow place where urine is collected. Although cancer is quite common in the bladder, this kind of cancer can occur anywhere in the urethra.

(Read more - Cancer Symptoms and Causes)


Bladder Cancer Symptoms
What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

Indications and symptoms of bladder cancer include:


  • Hematuria
  • Painful urination 
  • Pelvic pain


If your urine is bleeding then its colour can be red or brown. Sometimes there is no change in urine, but urine microscopic test is detected in urine. In addition to those who have bladder cancer, they can also experience the following symptoms like:


  • back pain
  • Frequent urination

But these symptoms can often be due to any other reason other than bladder cancer.

When should the doctor show up?

If you should go to the doctor,


  • You find the presence of blood in the urine.
  • If there is a need to urinate again and again.
  • If you suddenly feel the need to urinate
  • If the pain is felt while doing urine.

The presence of the above symptoms in a person does not give bladder a sure sign of cancer, but the doctor is required to check these symptoms.

(Read More - TETANUS: SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS)

Bladder Cancer Causes

What can cause bladder cancer?

DNA structures of cancer cells can be triggered by any type of mutation or mutation, where the effects of their growing process can take the form of 'cancer'. This means that when the cells develop uncontrolled then they take the form of a lump of tissue, called tumours.

Some factors have been identified, which can increase the risk of developing bladder cancer.

1. Smoking -

  • Smoking can be the only major risk factor for bladder cancer because many chemicals that develop cancer in tobacco are found.


  • If you have been smoking for many years, then these chemicals are found in the blood and then the kidneys filter them into the urine. When urine is accumulated in the bladder, during that time the bladder repeatedly comes in touch with these chemicals, which affects the bladder layer and affects the risk of cancer in the person concerned.
  • Those who smoke four times a day, they are more likely to develop cancer than others who do not smoke.




2. Coming into contact with chemicals (chemicals)

Bladder cancer is the second biggest risk factor for exposure to some industrial chemicals. The chemicals considered to be risk factors for bladder cancer include:


  • Aniline Dyes
  • Benzidine
  • O-toluidine

There are also some business/jobs that make up the risk of bladder cancer, mainly including the following:


  • Colours related business/jobs (Dyes)
  • Textile industry related business/jobs
  • Rubber Industry Related Business / Jobs (Rubbers)
  • Paint related business/jobs
  • Plastic Industry-Related Business / Jobs (Plastics)
  • Tannery related business/jobs

At the same time taxicabs and bus drivers also have a high risk of bladder cancer because they are regularly exposed to chemicals in diesel smoke.

3. Other Risk Factors -

Apart from the above, some other factors which can increase the risk of bladder cancer include:


  • Radiation therapy, such as using radiation therapy to treat cancer near the bladder.

  • Treatment with chemotherapy or medicines before ever.
    • Surgery for treating prolapse gland. 
    • The person suffers from sugar syndrome - The risk of bladder cancer is also added to some treatments of type 2 diabetes.
    • The tube (catheter) is found in the bladder for a long time - it is often needed during the closing of veins due to paralysis.
    • Repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs) for long periods of time.
    • Presence of stones in the urinary bladder for a long time
    • Pre-menopause (42 years ago).

    Prevention of Bladder Cancer
    How can prevent bladder cancer?

    • If you smoke, leave it immediately, although this does not completely reduce the risk of bladder cancer.
    • Avoid contact with dangerous chemicals at your workplace; If your work involves the use of chemicals, then make sure that you are keeping yourself safe.
    • Drink plenty of fluids, because liquids tend to dilute the elements inside the body that cause cancer, and before exposing them, they urinate them out of the body with urination.

    Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer
    How is bladder cancer diagnosed?

    Bladder cancer is determined on the following basis.

    • The symptoms of the disease present in your body,
    • Your family's previous medical information
    • Examining your rectum and vagina, because of bladder cancer, these areas often cause a clear lump in these areas.
    • Or you come in any contact that is likely to cause cancer, like smoking.
    Along with this, many additional tests that are needed include:

    • Urine tests - Samples of urine can be examined in the laboratory, wherein blood, bacteria and abnormal cells can be detected.
    • Cystoscopy - If you have been referred to the specialist hospital and doctors think that you may have bladder cancer, then the 'cystoscopy' test is done first. This is a process that helps in checking the inner part of the bladder. In this process, a tube is inserted in the urinary bladder through the urinary tract, which is the camera at the end which is called a cystoscope. It takes about 5 minutes to complete the investigation process.
    • Imaging scan - If the doctor thinks that they need more photos of your bladder and deeper information, they can suggest a CT scan or MRI scan. 
    • Intravenous urogram - In this process, a special type of colour (dye) is inserted into the blood and its picture is taken with the help of X-rays. After that, it goes out through the urinary tract. (Read more - What is X-Ray)
    • Biopsy - In this process, a piece is removed from the abnormal tissue as a sample and it is tested for cancer. Many times, a piece (sample) is removed from the bladder layer and it is examined to see if there is no cancer spread. But it can also be a separate operation that is done within 6 months of biopsy.

     Bladder Cancer Treatment

    How is bladder cancer treated?

    Treatment options for bladder cancer depend on many factors, including cancer type, grade and stage. Along with these, your overall health and treatment of your choice are also taken into account.


    Treatment of bladder cancer may include the following procedures:


    • Surgery - Surgery is used to remove cancerous tissues.
    • Chemotherapy in the bladder - This procedure is used for those tissues that are limited to the bladder wall but they may be afraid to grow or again.
    • Reconstruction - It is used to make a new way to remove urination. This is especially done when the bladder is removed from the body.
    • Radiation therapy - It is used to destroy cancerous cells, where there is no substitute for surgery, but it is often used as primary treatment.

    • Immunotherapy - In this process, the immune system is stimulated to fight cancer cells, under which the immune system is stimulated for the whole body or just in the bladder.
    A combination of methods of treatment as well as above can be suggested by your doctor.

    1. Bladder cancer surgery

    Bladder cancer treatment may include:

    • Transurethral resection of bladder tumours of a bladder tumour - it is also called TURBT. In this process, cancer cells removed from the bladder layer are removed. These are cancerous tumours that have not yet taken aggressive form.
    • Cystectomy - In this process, the entire bladder or any part of it is taken out.
    • Bladder reconstruction - After an acute systemic procedure, doctors can make a new way to get urine out of the urine. 
    2. Chemotherapy

    1. Chemotherapy medicines can be given in the following ways:
    2. Through one of the veins located in the hand,
    • Through a tube, which is sent directly inside the urinary bladder to the bladder.
    • In chemotherapy drugs are used to destroy the cancer cells. Chemotherapy treatment for bladder cancer is usually used in combination with two or more chemotherapy drugs.
    • Chemotherapy is used especially prior to surgery to remove bladder in order to increase the chances of recovery of cancer. Chemotherapy can also be used to destroy cancerous cells, which often survive after surgery. Chemotherapy is also sometimes used with radiation therapy. This is done in very select cases where it is used as a substitute for surgery.
    3. Radiation therapy

    High energy rays are used in this therapy. The targets of these rays are cancerous cells. Radiation therapy made for bladder cancer is usually done by a machine that revolves around the patient's body and helps power rays go to the exact point.
    In select cases, when there is no substitute for surgery, radiation therapy is used as a substitute for surgery with chemotherapy.

    4. Immunotherapy

    • It is also called biological therapy. It prompts the body's immune system to help fight cancer cells.
    • Immunotherapy for bladder cancer is usually administered in the urinary tract or directly in the bladder.
    5. Care after the treatment of bladder cancer

    Even after successful treatment of bladder cancer, bladder cancer is likely to happen again, and for this reason, people have to come back from time to time to get tested. Which tests will be your and how often will it depend on the type of bladder cancer and how it has been treated.

    6. Palliative care 

    • If cancer has reached the critical stage and it is not being treated, then in this situation, doctors talk about the available treatments for cancer and to relieve their symptoms.
    • In this situation, try to control the patient's pain and other symptoms and give the patient psychological, social and spiritual support.
    Medicines for Bladder Cancer

    Thursday, October 25, 2018

    October 25, 2018

    What is cancer?

    Cancer
    Cancer

    Cancer: Our body is composed of many types of cells. As these cells are needed by them, these cells divide and grow in a controlled way. But sometimes it happens that the body does not need any of these cells, yet they continue to grow. This abnormal development of cells is called cancer (which is usually produced from an abnormal cell) in which the cells lose normal control. Thus, a group of cells continuously increase uncontrolled, which attacks surrounding adjacent tissues, which reaches the distant parts of the body and spreads through the lymph or blood to other parts of the body. Cancer cells can grow in any tissue of the body.


    As the cancer cells grow and multiply, they take the form of a group of cancer cells called tumours. These tumours attack nearby tissues and destroy them. Tumour can cause cancers or non-cancerous. Cancer cells can spread from one place to the entire body (metastases).

    Development and Spread of Cancer


    Cancer cells develop from healthy cells in a complex process called fatal changes.

    Cancer initiation

    The change in the cell's genetic material is cancer. Changes in the genetic material of a cell can happen either by itself or by some agents or elements. These agents are Chemicals, Tobacco, Virus, Radiation and Sunlight. But it is not necessary that all cells are equally affected with these agents. A genetic defect in cells makes these agents susceptible to the body. Even long-term physical irritation can also make these agents susceptible to one cell.

    Cancer growth

    Some agents or agents (promoters) cause to grow in the development of cancer. These agents may also contain some substances or medicines available in the environment such as sex hormone testosterone which is used to improve sexual desire and energy in older men. Unlike carcinogens, these promoters themselves do not cause cancer. Instead, these promoters promote the growth of cancer-affected cells. These promoters have no effect on the cells in which the onset of cancer has not started.

    Elements that cause some cancers cause cancer without the need of promoters. For example, ionizing radiation - which is mostly used in X-rays) can cause various cancers, especially sarcoma, leukaemia, thyroid cancer and breast cancers.

    How does cancer spread?

    Cancer can grow directly in the surrounding tissues or spread to organs, whether they are away or nearby. Cancer can spread through the lymphatic system. This type of dispersal also occurs in carcinoma. For example, breast cancer usually spreads to the nearest lymph nodes in the vicinity and later it spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can also spread through blood flow. This type of spread is also found in sarcoma cancer.

    Types of Cancer
    There are many types of cancer, some of them are -

    1. Breast cancer
    2. Cervical cancer
    3. Mouth cancer 
    4. Prostate cancer 
    5. cervical cancer
    6. Ovarian Cancer 
    7. Lung cancer 
    8. colon cancer
    9. Blood cancer 
    10.Bone cancer 
    11. Colorectal cancer
    12. Throat cancer
    13. Liver cancer
    14. Vaginal cancer
    15. Skin cancer
    16. bladder cancer
    17. Pancreatic cancer
    18. Brain cancer 
    19. Lymphoma
    20. Kidney cancer 
    21. Testicular cancer

    Stages of Cancer

    Cancer tissues can be divided into the blood and blood-forming tissues (leukaemia and lymphomas) and "solid" tumours (solid mass of cells), often called cancer. Cancer can be carcinoma or sarcoma.

    Leukaemia and lymphoma are blood cancer. Leukaemia is produced from blood-borne cells, in which bone marrow and immature white blood cells with high amounts of blood flow are displaced instead of normal blood cells. Cancer lymph nodes are expanded in lymphoma. Lymphoma often begins with lymph nodes but it can also be found in the adjacent, genital, stomach, chest or intestine.

    Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. In which cancer cells affect the internal and external parts of the body such as lungs, breast and stomach cancer. It starts with the epithelium tissue of the skin. Examples of carcinoma are cancer of the skin, lungs, colon, stomach, breast, prostate, and thyroid gland. Typically, people older than men are more carcinoma than carcinoma.

    Tumours occurring in sarcoma tissues (tissues) are associated with each other. Common connective tissues include fat, blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles, cartilage etc. Examples of sarcoma are - leiomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma (bone cancer). Typically, this cancer is higher in older people than older people.

    Cancer Symptoms

    When cancer cells are in very small form then the signs of cancer do not appear. But as cancer grows, its presence can affect the surrounding tissues. Apart from this, due to some cancer, the secretion of certain substances from the body or some cancers trigger immune responses, from which parts of the body which are away from the parts of the cancerous genus can also cause cancer symptoms.

    Pain - Some cancers are painless before, but the initial symptom of some cancers can be painful, such as brain tumours, which lead to a headache, and head, neck and anophthal cancers, which cause pain during swallowing. As the cancer increases, its first symptom is often uncomfortable, which can rapidly turn into severe pain with the spread of cancer. However, not all cancers cause severe pain. Likewise, the lack of pain does not guarantee that cancer is not spreading or spreading.

    Bleeding - A small blood can come in cancer because its blood vessels are fragile. Later, as the cancer increases and attacks the surrounding tissues, it can increase in a nearby blood vessel, causing bleeding. This bleeding can be mild and can be diagnosed with or not, it can be detected only with the test. This is often the case of early-stage colon cancer. Bleeding in advanced cancer can be high, even this bleeding can be dangerous for life.

    The place where cancer is, it determines bleeding. Bleeding may occur in the stool in cancer associated with the digestive tract. Cancer-associated with urinary tract can bleed in urine. Other cancers can cause blood in internal areas of the body. Bleeding in the lungs can cause a person to get blood in a cough.

    Blood clots - Some cancers produce substances that cause the blood to form in the body, mainly in the nerves of the legs. Blood clots in the nerves of the feet sometimes break down, which spread to the whole body which can be fatal for you. Extreme cloaking is common among people with pancreatic, lungs and other solid tumours and those with brain tumours.

    Weight Loss and Fatigue - Typically, the person with cancer experience weight loss and fatigue, which can further worsen this condition due to the increase in cancer. Some people have reported a loss of weight despite a good appetite. While some people may have difficulty in hunger or swallowing food. They can be very thin. People with advanced cancer often are very tired. If anaemia develops, such people may lack fatigue or shortness of breath with little activity.

    Swelling in the lymph nodes - As soon as cancer begins to spread around the body, it can first spread to nearby lymph nodes, which is swollen. Inflammation lymph nodes are generally painless and may be hard or rubbish-like. If cancer studies are on stage, then these lymph nodes can get stuck in the skin above, trap them in layers of tissues or even in the middle.

    Neurologic and muscular symptoms - cancer can compress the nerve or spinal cord. It can be any of neurologic and muscular symptoms such as pain, weakness or change in cognition (such as tingling stimulation) etc. When cancer increases in the brain, it can be difficult to detect symptoms, but it can cause confusion, dizziness, headache, nausea, vision changes and seizures. Symptoms of neurologic can also be part of an irreversible syndrome.

    Respiratory symptoms - Cancer can compress or block structures such as airway in the lungs, which can cause shortness of breath, cough or pneumonia etc. Breathing may also occur when cancer causes the pleural effusion between the lungs and chest, causing bleeding or anaemia in the lungs.


    Cancer Causes


    Cancer is a comprehensive group of diseases and there are many reasons for it. Many genetic and environmental factors increase the risk of developing cancer. According to each biology and pathology, each cancer is of a different type. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the following are common factors for cancer:

    1. Genetic Factors Cause Cancer - Genetic changes due to cancer can be inherited from our parents. Some families have a significant risk of developing certain types of cancer. Sometimes there is a risk of a single gene causing it to grow. Abnormalities affecting serious gene (mutation) are known to contribute to the development of cancer. These genes produce proteins that regulate growth and change cell division and other basic cell properties.

    An additional or abnormal chromosome can increase the risk of cancer. For example, people with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 rather than normal two copies. They have 12 to 20 times more risk of developing leukaemia.

    2. Cancer Related to Age - Some cancers such as Wilms tumours, retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma are especially in children. These cancerous sectors are produced from gene mutations that either be inherited or occur during the development of the fetus. However, most other cancers are more common in adults, especially in older people. The growth rate of cancer is probably due to long-term contact with a carcinogen.

    3. Cancer Due to Environmental Factors - 
    Many environmental factors increase the risk of developing cancer.


    Tobacco smoke contains carcinogen which increases the risk of the lungs, mouth, throat, oesophagus, kidney and bladder cancer to a great extent. People who smoke also increase the risk of lung cancer.

    Pollutants such as asbestos, industrial waste or cigarette smoke can increase the risk of cancer in air or water. Many chemicals are known to cause cancer. For example, exposure to asbestos can be the cause of lung cancer and mesothelioma (lung cancer). Staying in contact with pesticides is associated with some types of cancer (for example, leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma). The reason for the development of chemicals and cancer has to come in contact with the chemical for a long time.

    Radiation exposure is one of the main reasons for the development of cancer. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is mainly due to sunlight which causes skin cancer. Ionization radiation is a special carcinogen. X-rays (including computed tomography [CT]] use the ionization radiation and those who have high levels of X-rays using high doses increase the risk of cancer. Exposure to radioactive gas radon (which is released from soil) increases the risk of lung cancer.

    Many other substances are investigating possible causes of cancer, but more study is needed to identify those chemicals that increase the risk of cancer.

    4. Cancer Caused by Diet - Foods are eaten in the diet can increase the risk of cancer. For example, rich diet and fatness in unsaturated fat are associated with increased risk of colon, breast and possibly prostate cancer. People who drink large amounts of alcohol, head and neck, and enropagal are at high risk of developing cancer. Spicy food or excessive consumption of barbecue meat can increase the risk of colon cancer. People overweight or obese have a greater risk of breast cancer.

    5. Medical Treatments that Cause Cancer

    Some medicines and medical treatments can increase the development of cancer. For example, estrogen present in oral contraceptives can increase the risk of breast cancer gradually, although this risk decreases over time. Hormone estrogens and progestins given to women during menopause (hormone replacement therapy) also increase the risk of breast cancer.

    The level of extra estrogen promotes uterine cancer. Tamoxifen is a medicine used to treat breast cancer, which increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Long-term use of testosterone or another male hormone (androgen) can also increase the risk of liver cancer. Cancer treatment with some chemotherapy agents and radiation therapy can later increase the risk of developing other cancers.

    6.  Cancer Caused by Infections
    Many viruses are known to cause cancer in humans and many other viruses are suspected to be cancerous. The human papillomavirus (HPV - human papillomavirus) is a major cause of cervical cancer in women and is one of the reasons for penile and anal cancer in men. HPV also causes some cancers of the throat. Hepatitis B virus or the hepatitis C virus can lead to liver cancer. Some human retroviruses are due to the lymphoma and other cancers of the blood system. Some viruses cause a type of cancer in some countries, but in other countries, there are other types of cancer. For example, the Epstein-bar virus causes Burkitt lymphoma (a type of cancer) in Africa and nasal and pharyngeal cancer in China.

    Some bacteria may also cause cancer. Helicobacter pylori which cause stomach ulcers can increase the risk of stomach cancer and lymphoma.

    Some parasites can cause cancer. Schistosoma haematobium can cause bladder inflammation and wound, which can lead to cancer. Another type of parasitic opisthorchis sinensis is linked to the pancreas and bile ducts.

    7. Inflammation Disorders Cause Cancer

    Inflammatory disorders often increase the risk of cancer. Such disorders include ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, which may result in colon cancer and bile duct cancers.

    8. Cancer Due to Immune System Failure

    Bad immunity is the cause of many cancers including HIV infection, including capsicum sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and anal cancer associated with HPV and cervical cancer.

    Prevention of Cancer
    How to prevent cancer?

    There is no sure way to stop cancer. But doctors have identified several ways to reduce the risk of your cancer. like -

    1. Stop smoking - If you smoke, leave it immediately. And if you do not, then do not start doing it. Smoking cannot be just lung cancer, but other types of cancers.
    2. Avoid excessive sunburn - The harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer. By staying in the shade, wearing protective clothing or sunscreen, you can limit the sun's risk.
    3. Eat a healthy diet - Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Select Whole Grains and Fat-Exhausted Protein.
    4. Exercise for most days of the week - Regular exercise can reduce the chances of getting cancer. Keep a minimum of 30 minutes of exercise.
    5. Healthy Weight - Maintain Healthy Weight Overweight or obesity can increase the risk of cancer. Work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a healthy diet and a combination of regular exercise.
    6. Reduce the intake of alcohol - excessive consumption of alcohol can increase the risk of cancer.

    7. Schedule screening tests for cancer - Depending on the factors of your risk, ask the doctor if the screening test for which cancer is best for you.

    Medicines for Cancer